What the record establishes
The Commission made the commitments binding for five years across the EEA. The Article 9 decision did not conclude that Amazon had infringed competition law, but a breach of the commitments could have triggered a fine without a separate infringement finding.
Sources
- Primary recordCommission accepts commitments from Amazon on e-booksEuropean Commission · 4 May 2017 · accessed 11 August 2026